پژوهشنامه ادب غنایی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز و زمستان 1387)

Review and analyses of compound simile and explanation of its kind in the ghazals of Iraqi style will be a clue to better understanding of literary works of this style. Till now Schola’s have not proper research on this topic.Thus 10% of the ghazals of twelve outstanding and well known poets of this period have been selected and analysed. It should be mentioned that due to the excess number of Mowlavi’s ghazals only 5% of his ghazals have been analysed. The frequency of compound similes’ in the literary works of this period has ups and downs and while reaching the end of this period the use of compound similes decreases in the ghazals.The excess use of such similes can be seen in the poetry of Saedi, Khaju, Kamaludin gsmail, Iraqi and after than any other poet.Bringing varities of similes itself explains the world wide thoughts of a poet. A variety of similes are found in Mowlavi’s ghazals.It should be noted that one dimension od compound similes found in Persian poetry which has a mythical touch is of intellectual kind. Saadi is well known for his allegorical compound simile and Khaju and Anvari are famous for their imaginary compound simile.

Till today Shahnama-e-Firdousi has gained much attention of schools and common men. In this noble and ever lasting literary work along with special elements of epic literature which is the dominating aspect, one meets elements like: Vow, oath, love etc. contains general aspects which are mostly connected with human emotions and according the genre it is considered as lyrical Poetry. Vow and …. Have a special and basic position in Shahnama and one can find the origin of many incidents while observing allegiance and fickleness of the beloved. From ancient times taking an oath or signing a treaty is one of the fundamental, religious, moral, and social elements among Iranians and other nations. This is also practiced in many cultured societies. In ancient times a kind of system based on the believes of Mithraism (god of pactor treaty) ruled the Indo-European society. These believes with the passage of time evoluted and found way in the mythological, epical and lyrical texts of nations, “Written Oaths” in Persian literature itself is the sign ofimportance of these elements in Iranian Culture and society. In this article an analytical approach has been made to study of oath and treaty in the ancient Iranian text and its impact especially on the social aspects in Shahnama-e-Firdousi. As oath taking is one of the inseperable topic of Shahnama-e- Firdousi and a very close tie can be seen betweenthese two, therefore the oaths and treaties present in Shahnama will be analysed.

Sun worshipping first came into existence in Iran and then spread in the Middle East, Syria and Mesopotamia this religion vanished by the passage of time and only gained sanctity in Mythology and symbolic text. Khagani the famous poet of the 6th century due to the reason that his mother was a Nestorian and as he had expertise in world history and religions there fore among all the Persian poets he is the only one to mention the believes of Christians "as he was influenced by Mithraism" in his poetry. He has alsoused several words and phrases in the poetry which are relevant to this religion. There fore his poetry is worth understanding. "continued " Evidence shows that Christianity and sun worshipping are basically similar to each other as many research scholars believe that Christianity was much influenced by Mithraism. On the other hand the influence of astronomical believes are obvious in sun worshipping as much importance was given when the sun faced the stars " Mazon 1345:los ". this leads to analyze khaghani’s poetry from one’s old view pointas his poetry contains both the qualities.

One of the famous and widespread literary genres is lyrical poetry. It is from the fourth century that the Persian lyrical poetry has reached its utmost height. In Persian literature beside ghazal, Couplet- poem is also a good source of expressing the lyrical and romantic thoughts. Narration or story telling had gained faster attraction in Persian poetry. Onsury in the 5th century versified several stories like “Vameg and Azra”. Ayoghi has also versified several stories “varghe and and Golshan” and it was in the same era that the old Iranian story “Veys and Ramin” was composed. At the end of the 6th century the art of versifying stories especially romantic and lyrical tales reached its supreme height by Nezami Ganjavi: He versified the famous tales of his time. Among lyrical and romantic poets no onecould complete his poetry. Nezami excells in artistic performance while versifying the stories and his influence in the evolutionary history of this art has brought fruitful achievements to him in lyrical poetry to an extent that most poets who poets who compose romantic and lyrical poetry consciously or unconsciously are influenced by his style. Selection of appropriate words and phrases, investing new and specific synthetics,creating new and delighting contents, detailed illustrations, precission in description, creating natural scenes, recruiting pleasing imaginary figures and taking advantage of the most significant techniques of narration are among the unique factors of his success in this regard.Therefore keeping in view the two lustrous poems of Nizami namely ‘Khusro and Shirin’ and “layly and Majnon” the author of this article has tried to explain the important role of Nezami in Persian narration, and after summarizing these two stories from different aspects to reach a conclusion.

The hopes and sights of woman is the main topic which has gained much attention during the last few years. On the basis of these researches what ever is discussed about the Utopia of woman seems to have less record in world’s literature.Hakim Nizami Ganjavi the famous poet of the 6the Century, eight centuries back in his poetic work ‘ Khosro and Shirin’ introduces a city named ‘Arman’ which coincides with the meaning of Utopia and gives way to many feminist views in modern thories. In this article the author analysis the subject such as: definition of Utopia and analyzing its antiquity, the characteristics of Nizami’s Utopia, the aspects of myths in this city, analyses of the characteristics of women of this city and in the end a comparison between the Utopia of Nizami and the views of his contemparison regarding it. This topic has an old history in Persian literature especially in Nizami’s poetic work ‘Khosro and Shirin’.Comparative study has been made on four basic topics which originally is the main characteristic of Utopia. After defining each topic selected verses have been given from ‘Khosro and Shirin’ accordingly and in the end comparative analyses has been given for each chapter. The second part of this article comes unless the heading ‘origin of myths in this Utopia’ and also the tales and myths regarding it which helps in knowing the origin of these in a much better way.

Myths back to ancient times and belong to childhood period of a human being. How ever, they are dynamic elements which continue their own lifes. All poets and writers have some how or the other employed these myths in their poetry. Some poets and writers have directly narrated myths while others have inducted their own creativity and have based them on modern and sociological analyses. Aatashi is among those contemporarypoets who has used mythical elements in his poetry and focusing on special aspects of myths, he has offered new interpretations. In this article the status of Persian mythical characters and its new interpretation is analysed in Aatashi’s poetry.

The Trilogy Novel of Najib Mahfouz which has won the noble Prize in 1988 A.D is a rainbow of social realities in which Najib Mahfouz has given a live and complete picture of the values and trends of the middle class Egyptians and has tried to portrait the society as one whole family and show its connection with the social movements and its influence on it. Meanwhile the writer by portraying a character named kamal Abdul Jawadwho is the hero of this novel and a representative of a cultured Egyptian Generation tries to describe his and his educated generation’s mental problems and difficulties. Some of the basic problems are: religious and characteristic problems, the feeling of unidentification and homeless, astonishment and wander to distinguish values, feeling to be homelessness and unstability within the homeland not only causes lack of tranquility but increases torture which gives rise to absurd and aimless feeling to the next generation. Due to these crises Kamal, the hero of this novel loses harmony and accordance with the world and his society and he refuses to accept the values of society. He turns his back from the society, religion and the government and entangles in social alienation.